1. Overview It is one of the four famous jade in China, and it is a traditional jade material that is loved by people. According to archeological excavations, it was known to the ancients as early as the new stone period of China. There are turquoise jewelry in the cultural relics unearthed in Yangshao Culture (6500 to 4000 years ago) in Dahe Village, Zhengzhou, Henan Province. The word turquoise English Turquoise comes from French Pierre Tourques, which means Turkish stone. This is because Persian and even Egypt's turquoise in history enters Europe through Turkey. Most people in Taiwan's jewelry industry in my country are still called Turkish stone or Turkish jade. . Mineral components and chemical ingredients The main composition of turquoise jade is a water -containing copper -containing aluminum phosphate. The chemical component is CUAL6 [PO4] 4 (OH) 8 · 4H2O, of which The aluminum can be partially replaced. The water content in turquoise is generally 15%to 20%, and it exists in three states of structured water, crystal water and adsorption water. Green pine belongs to the triangular crystal system. There are many cryptocrystalline structures, bean -shaped, bean, kidney, tumor -shaped, tuberculosis, pulse and dense block structures. Under the electron microscope, the turquoise crystals are large sheets, small plates, short columnar, needle -shaped, hair -shaped, and appear in the form of tightly superimposed, sporadic, bundle -shaped, radioactive, frame -shaped and other forms. Minerals that are coexisting with turquoise are mainly mixed with Ellow, kaolin, quartz, Yunmu, lighter ore, phosphorus aluminum, and some charcoal mixes. . Physical properties Mo's hardness is 5 to 6, but the hardness varies in a large range with the density and pores, and the loose porous can be reduced to about 2. Density 2.40 ～ 2.90g/cm3. The refractive index of single crystal turquoise is α1.61, β1.62, γ1.65, dual refractive index 0.040, and two -axis crystal positive light. The refractive index of the collective turquoise is between 1.61 and 1.65, but it is usually only a fuzzy shadow boundary at 1.62 of the refractor. The color is mainly blue, green, and the transition color in the middle. There are often white spots or brown -black iron wires; there are also turquoise greens such as yellow, earthy, and gray white. Basically opaque, wax -like luster, occasionally glass luster is once called "Johnite" (a glass -like green pine with a glass luster), and some light gray and white can have earthy luster. Green pine is a kind of self -color mineral, which is caused by two -valent copper ions, and green tone is closely related to the three -valent iron. With the increase of iron ions, the turquoise changes from blue to green or earthy. Water increases the brightness of the turquoise. When the water is reduced or the air -dried reasons, the water will be reduced from blue to gray green and even gray. The absorption spectrum is characterized by a blurring belt at 460nm and 420nm and the absorption line at 432nm. The weak green and yellow fluorescence under the long waves of ultraviolet light. Green pine will be degraded when heated and losing water, and burst. Bettering, soap foam, or some organic matter will also change color and discolor. . The texture and variety of turquoise The green pine is usually according to the texture, which is mainly structural structure. It is divided into the following varieties: 1. Crystal turquoise is extremely rare. The only example of the obvious crystals was discovered in Virginia, USA in 1912, and there have been no reports since then. 2. Block -shaped turquoise is a cluster -like, tuberculosis turquoise collection, and the outer layer often has a shell. Some blocks are pure and dense, with hardness between 5 and 6. There is a kind of colorful and strong, like porcelain, and shell -like is called porcelain pine. Some blocks are loose and low, which may be related to different degrees of weathering. A pale color, loose texture, less than 3 hardness, sometimes it can be twisted by hand is called bubble loose, and it must be used after processing. 3. The mesh veins have irregular fine lines or mesh green pine. The fine lines can be iron, charcoal, and kaolin stone. It is also called "iron turquoise". 4. Miscellaneous turquoise The turquoise with mixed appearance and tunnels, such as the turquoise distributed in the veins of kaolin. . The optimization treatment of turquoise This includes wax, dyeing and irrigation treatment. 1. Passing wax This finished green pine products in the paraffin for a period of time to improve color and luster. At present, the wax has been accepted by the jewelry industry and has become an indispensable process. The final process of dyeing and irrigation is often waxed to improve the surface polishing effect. 2. Dyeing Make the turquoise finished product in inorganic or organic dyes to dye it. The dyeing turquoise is often dark blue -green or dark green, which is very uniform, which is significantly different from natural color. However, due to the limited depth of dyeing, it is often exposed to the lighter primary color at the surface of the sample or the concave. 3. Injecting , also known as stable treatment. Oil, resin, and plastic are used to irrigate turquoise, and sometimes irrigated with inorganic substances, such as soaking in water glass (sodium silicate), and then treated with concentrated hydrochloric acid to form a silicon gum in the pores. Colorless irrigation is widely accepted in trade and does not need to be disclosed. Dyeing is rarely performed alone. If the dyeing is often performed at the same time as the irrigation, the dyeing agent is mixed into the irrigation material. This is a non -color irrigation and must be made public. Irrigation can improve the stability of turquoise, improve transparency and improve color. The turquoise density and hardness of the irrigation treatment are low. If it is poured with plastic, you can smell the pungent smell when the plastic melting is touched with a hot needle. 6. The imitation of the turquoise 1. The blue iron dye bone fossil (tooth glue phosphorus ore) The blue iron bone fossils are composed of the bone and teeth of the prehistoric mammoth of the petrification. Despite rare, it may be confused with turquoise due to its color. It is naturally blue due to the penetration of mineral salt. It retains the remnants of the internal nerve and vascular pipelines that are used as an organic cause. Many original organic materials were explained by alumosestones. The hardness is about 5 hardness, the density is about 3.0g/cm3, and the refractive index is 1.57 to 1.63. 2. "Synthetic" turquoise has been produced by Gilson since 1972. It is believed that it is considered to use a purified compound as a raw material. One type of raw material contains materials used to imitate the brown pulses commonly used in natural turquoise, and the other types of raw materials are used to imitate "pure" turquoise. One of the identification of this material is that a large number of rules -like blue particles in the white tone matrix can be seen in the white tone substrate at 50 times. Although it is called "synthesis", it is not the real replication of its natural corresponding objects, so it is actually imitation. 3. Create turquoise The green pine powder with resin or silica oxide compounds. This reduces its density value below the normal range of natural turquoise density values. There are no features that are easy to distinguish from natural turquoise. The presence of bonding materials can be detected with infrared lighting meter. 4. Dyed hydroxylsilica calcium The hydroxyl siliconite is calcium borosilicate, which has a Mohs hardness of 3.5 and a density of 2.58g/cm3. Undexal hydroxyonal boronite is white and sometimes has light gray spots. The blue hydroxyonal boron stone collection material can be seen under the microscope and the obvious granular structure can be seen under a microscope, and the color is concentrated in the granules and the cracks. You can see the undimantly, especially in the drilling of the beads. The gloss is closer to the glass than the natural turquoise. Its absorption spectrum is a wide -band in the green area. Some have brown -red spot fluorescence under long waves of ultraviolet rays. Mo's hardness is 3.5, the refractive index is 1.59, and the density is 2.50 ～ 2.57g/cm3, which is obviously different from turquoise. The hydroxyls silicon and calcium stone for dyeing are mainly from California, USA. 5. Dyeing diamond ore Magnesium is magnesium carbonate. Its Mo's hardness is 4 and density is 3.00 to 3.12g/cm3. Black asphalt and other substances are used to fill the gap in the green mines such as green magnesium ore to imitate the turquoise. The enlarged inspection can be found in the particles of greening in the magnesium ore. It should be pointed out that most of the current sales of "staining hydroxylsilicon and calcium stone" are actually dyed diamond magnesium ore. Because the magnesium ore is obviously more important than the hydroxy and calcium stone, it is not difficult to distinguish. Seven, the quality evaluation of turquoise The comprehensive evaluation should be comprehensively evaluated from the aspects of color, hardness, block, and pattern. 1. Color The jewelry is the best in the blue blue, followed by dark blue and blue -green, which requires uniform color. Light blue, gray -blue turquoise can only be used as sculpture. 2. Hardness The hardness of high -end turquoise should be around 6. 3. Block degree has different requirements for raw materials for jewelry and carving. For example, in the United States, the rough degree of roughness of light blue, light green green is not less than 10mm, weighs 7-28g, and the sky blue is smaller, but it should not be less than 4G. The green pine in my country is mainly divided into four levels of four levels including carving as greater than 3kg, 3kg, 3kg to 1kg, and small materials. 4. Pattern For the mesh -like turquoise or prepare to cut the green pine and the surrounding rock, the beauty of the pattern is also very important. It is better to use the pattern and clear. Some people especially love the turquoise with patterns. . Introduction to the origin of turquoise This is an exogenous dilute filtering cause, which is related to phosphorus and copper sulfide mineralized rocks. The main producing areas of turquoise are Iran, Egypt, the United States, Russia, and China. Iranian turquoise, also known as "Persian turquoise", is produced in the Nichapur area west of Mashhad, Iran. The green pine is produced in the upper part of the weathered splendid ripped rocky cornea. It is a long stone, phosphorusite, and brass ore in the rough rock. Essence Many turquoise fake pseudosais can see the small white substances on the cut turquoise. Persian turquoise is usually a beautiful sky blue, with a dense texture, a density of 2.9g/cm3, and a better gloss. At present, the turquoise mining in the Nichapur district is already in a state of pause, but there are still small -scale mining in other parts of Iran. It should be pointed out that in the business, the quality and characteristics of the green pine production of Iran are called Persian (Iran) turquoise. I Green Satson is produced on the Sinai Peninsula and has a history of mining for more than 3,000 years. In the arid areas of the Sinai Peninsula, the green pine is produced in the middle and upper part of the sandstone that is closely symbiotic with copper mines and volcanic rocks, which is a weathering cause. Unlike Iranian turquoise sky blue, most of the Egyptian turquoise is green and blue, but some are also blue. It is not difficult to see from the polishing side because it is distributed in small colorful round spots. The density of Egyptian turquoise is 2.7 ～ 2.9g/cm3, which has a high density than blue. The turquoise on the Sinai Peninsula has basically been emptied. Matonus in the United States in Nevada, Arizona, California, Colorado, and New Mexico State in the southwest of the United States, the fine pimple (flowing rock), the ripple of the eroded rock and the fissure of the two -long granite chanlia. middle. The cause is that the alkaline long stone of the atmospheric precipitation and the accompanying copper ore and phosphorusite are then accumulated in the crack. U.S. turquoise is blue, green and blue -green. Its main feature is that the color is lighter, the pores are high, and it is shy, with a density of 2.6 ～ 2.7g/cm3. Gourdo is still one of the most favorite gems in the southwestern North American, and it is also the preferred gem material in American Indian jewelry. At present, those who are similar to the characteristics and quality of the American -made turquoise in business are American turquoise. The green pine mine in our country is mainly distributed in the junction of Hubei, Shaanxi and Henan provinces. The formation of turquoise here is mainly related to the silicon slate of the lower Cambrian and phosphorus, and it is a secondary ginseng filter mine. The mineral body is mainly transmitted, immersed or cystic. The shape of the turquoise is mostly tuberculosis and pulse. The colors include blue, light blue, blue -green, apple green, light gray and gray yellow. The mining of Puyang has hundreds of years of history, known for its good quality and production. Due to the long mining time, high -quality materials with large degrees of blocks are rare. In addition to the border areas of Hubei, Shaanxi, and Henan provinces, the origin of green pine in my country also includes Anhui Mountain, Hami, Xinjiang, Henan Xichuan, and Yunnan Anning and other places. The turquoise of the Anhui Mountain Iron Mine is an iron hat -shaped turquoise with copper -containing copper and phosphorus oxidation belt on the top of the 玢 玢 ore. Hytestone, Yang Qi Stone and Magnet. Thinking questions 1. Gourd in mineral components and chemical composition. 2. Green pine physics (including optical) nature. 3. The structure and structural characteristics of turquoise. 4. What are the main varieties of turquoise gems? 5. What are the optimized treatment methods of turquoise? 6. What are the main imitation of turquoise? How to identify these imitation products? r 7. What is Gilson's "synthesis" turquoise? 8. How to evaluate the quality of turquoise? 9. What are the geological causes of the turquoise mine? 10. What are the places of pinestone? What are the main features of the green pine?
1. Overview
It is one of the four famous jade in China, and it is a traditional jade material that is loved by people. According to archeological excavations, it was known to the ancients as early as the new stone period of China. There are turquoise jewelry in the cultural relics unearthed in Yangshao Culture (6500 to 4000 years ago) in Dahe Village, Zhengzhou, Henan Province. The word turquoise English Turquoise comes from French Pierre Tourques, which means Turkish stone. This is because Persian and even Egypt's turquoise in history enters Europe through Turkey. Most people in Taiwan's jewelry industry in my country are still called Turkish stone or Turkish jade.
. Mineral components and chemical ingredients
The main composition of turquoise jade is a water -containing copper -containing aluminum phosphate. The chemical component is CUAL6 [PO4] 4 (OH) 8 · 4H2O, of which The aluminum can be partially replaced. The water content in turquoise is generally 15%to 20%, and it exists in three states of structured water, crystal water and adsorption water. Green pine belongs to the triangular crystal system. There are many cryptocrystalline structures, bean -shaped, bean, kidney, tumor -shaped, tuberculosis, pulse and dense block structures. Under the electron microscope, the turquoise crystals are large sheets, small plates, short columnar, needle -shaped, hair -shaped, and appear in the form of tightly superimposed, sporadic, bundle -shaped, radioactive, frame -shaped and other forms. Minerals that are coexisting with turquoise are mainly mixed with Ellow, kaolin, quartz, Yunmu, lighter ore, phosphorus aluminum, and some charcoal mixes.
. Physical properties
Mo's hardness is 5 to 6, but the hardness varies in a large range with the density and pores, and the loose porous can be reduced to about 2. Density 2.40 ～ 2.90g/cm3. The refractive index of single crystal turquoise is α1.61, β1.62, γ1.65, dual refractive index 0.040, and two -axis crystal positive light. The refractive index of the collective turquoise is between 1.61 and 1.65, but it is usually only a fuzzy shadow boundary at 1.62 of the refractor. The color is mainly blue, green, and the transition color in the middle. There are often white spots or brown -black iron wires; there are also turquoise greens such as yellow, earthy, and gray white. Basically opaque, wax -like luster, occasionally glass luster is once called "Johnite" (a glass -like green pine with a glass luster), and some light gray and white can have earthy luster. Green pine is a kind of self -color mineral, which is caused by two -valent copper ions, and green tone is closely related to the three -valent iron. With the increase of iron ions, the turquoise changes from blue to green or earthy. Water increases the brightness of the turquoise. When the water is reduced or the air -dried reasons, the water will be reduced from blue to gray green and even gray. The absorption spectrum is characterized by a blurring belt at 460nm and 420nm and the absorption line at 432nm. The weak green and yellow fluorescence under the long waves of ultraviolet light. Green pine will be degraded when heated and losing water, and burst. Bettering, soap foam, or some organic matter will also change color and discolor.
. The texture and variety of turquoise
The green pine is usually according to the texture, which is mainly structural structure. It is divided into the following varieties:
1. Crystal turquoise
is extremely rare. The only example of the obvious crystals was discovered in Virginia, USA in 1912, and there have been no reports since then.
2. Block -shaped turquoise
is a cluster -like, tuberculosis turquoise collection, and the outer layer often has a shell. Some blocks are pure and dense, with hardness between 5 and 6. There is a kind of colorful and strong, like porcelain, and shell -like is called porcelain pine. Some blocks are loose and low, which may be related to different degrees of weathering. A pale color, loose texture, less than 3 hardness, sometimes it can be twisted by hand is called bubble loose, and it must be used after processing.
3. The mesh veins
have irregular fine lines or mesh green pine. The fine lines can be iron, charcoal, and kaolin stone. It is also called "iron turquoise".
4. Miscellaneous turquoise
The turquoise with mixed appearance and tunnels, such as the turquoise distributed in the veins of kaolin.
. The optimization treatment of turquoise
This includes wax, dyeing and irrigation treatment.
1. Passing wax
This finished green pine products in the paraffin for a period of time to improve color and luster. At present, the wax has been accepted by the jewelry industry and has become an indispensable process. The final process of dyeing and irrigation is often waxed to improve the surface polishing effect.
2. Dyeing
Make the turquoise finished product in inorganic or organic dyes to dye it. The dyeing turquoise is often dark blue -green or dark green, which is very uniform, which is significantly different from natural color. However, due to the limited depth of dyeing, it is often exposed to the lighter primary color at the surface of the sample or the concave.
3. Injecting
, also known as stable treatment. Oil, resin, and plastic are used to irrigate turquoise, and sometimes irrigated with inorganic substances, such as soaking in water glass (sodium silicate), and then treated with concentrated hydrochloric acid to form a silicon gum in the pores. Colorless irrigation is widely accepted in trade and does not need to be disclosed. Dyeing is rarely performed alone. If the dyeing is often performed at the same time as the irrigation, the dyeing agent is mixed into the irrigation material. This is a non -color irrigation and must be made public. Irrigation can improve the stability of turquoise, improve transparency and improve color. The turquoise density and hardness of the irrigation treatment are low. If it is poured with plastic, you can smell the pungent smell when the plastic melting is touched with a hot needle.
6. The imitation of the turquoise
1. The blue iron dye bone fossil (tooth glue phosphorus ore)
The blue iron bone fossils are composed of the bone and teeth of the prehistoric mammoth of the petrification. Despite rare, it may be confused with turquoise due to its color. It is naturally blue due to the penetration of mineral salt. It retains the remnants of the internal nerve and vascular pipelines that are used as an organic cause. Many original organic materials were explained by alumosestones. The hardness is about 5 hardness, the density is about 3.0g/cm3, and the refractive index is 1.57 to 1.63.
2. "Synthetic" turquoise
has been produced by Gilson since 1972. It is believed that it is considered to use a purified compound as a raw material. One type of raw material contains materials used to imitate the brown pulses commonly used in natural turquoise, and the other types of raw materials are used to imitate "pure" turquoise. One of the identification of this material is that a large number of rules -like blue particles in the white tone matrix can be seen in the white tone substrate at 50 times. Although it is called "synthesis", it is not the real replication of its natural corresponding objects, so it is actually imitation.
3. Create turquoise
The green pine powder with resin or silica oxide compounds. This reduces its density value below the normal range of natural turquoise density values. There are no features that are easy to distinguish from natural turquoise. The presence of bonding materials can be detected with infrared lighting meter.
4. Dyed hydroxylsilica calcium
The hydroxyl siliconite is calcium borosilicate, which has a Mohs hardness of 3.5 and a density of 2.58g/cm3. Undexal hydroxyonal boronite is white and sometimes has light gray spots. The blue hydroxyonal boron stone collection material can be seen under the microscope and the obvious granular structure can be seen under a microscope, and the color is concentrated in the granules and the cracks. You can see the undimantly, especially in the drilling of the beads. The gloss is closer to the glass than the natural turquoise. Its absorption spectrum is a wide -band in the green area. Some have brown -red spot fluorescence under long waves of ultraviolet rays. Mo's hardness is 3.5, the refractive index is 1.59, and the density is 2.50 ～ 2.57g/cm3, which is obviously different from turquoise. The hydroxyls silicon and calcium stone for dyeing are mainly from California, USA.
5. Dyeing diamond ore
Magnesium is magnesium carbonate. Its Mo's hardness is 4 and density is 3.00 to 3.12g/cm3. Black asphalt and other substances are used to fill the gap in the green mines such as green magnesium ore to imitate the turquoise. The enlarged inspection can be found in the particles of greening in the magnesium ore. It should be pointed out that most of the current sales of "staining hydroxylsilicon and calcium stone" are actually dyed diamond magnesium ore. Because the magnesium ore is obviously more important than the hydroxy and calcium stone, it is not difficult to distinguish.
Seven, the quality evaluation of turquoise
The comprehensive evaluation should be comprehensively evaluated from the aspects of color, hardness, block, and pattern.
1. Color
The jewelry is the best in the blue blue, followed by dark blue and blue -green, which requires uniform color. Light blue, gray -blue turquoise can only be used as sculpture.
2. Hardness
The hardness of high -end turquoise should be around 6.
3. Block degree
has different requirements for raw materials for jewelry and carving. For example, in the United States, the rough degree of roughness of light blue, light green green is not less than 10mm, weighs 7-28g, and the sky blue is smaller, but it should not be less than 4G. The green pine in my country is mainly divided into four levels of four levels including carving as greater than 3kg, 3kg, 3kg to 1kg, and small materials.
4. Pattern
For the mesh -like turquoise or prepare to cut the green pine and the surrounding rock, the beauty of the pattern is also very important. It is better to use the pattern and clear. Some people especially love the turquoise with patterns.
. Introduction to the origin of turquoise
This is an exogenous dilute filtering cause, which is related to phosphorus and copper sulfide mineralized rocks. The main producing areas of turquoise are Iran, Egypt, the United States, Russia, and China.
Iranian turquoise, also known as "Persian turquoise", is produced in the Nichapur area west of Mashhad, Iran. The green pine is produced in the upper part of the weathered splendid ripped rocky cornea. It is a long stone, phosphorusite, and brass ore in the rough rock. Essence Many turquoise fake pseudosais can see the small white substances on the cut turquoise. Persian turquoise is usually a beautiful sky blue, with a dense texture, a density of 2.9g/cm3, and a better gloss. At present, the turquoise mining in the Nichapur district is already in a state of pause, but there are still small -scale mining in other parts of Iran. It should be pointed out that in the business, the quality and characteristics of the green pine production of Iran are called Persian (Iran) turquoise.
I Green Satson is produced on the Sinai Peninsula and has a history of mining for more than 3,000 years. In the arid areas of the Sinai Peninsula, the green pine is produced in the middle and upper part of the sandstone that is closely symbiotic with copper mines and volcanic rocks, which is a weathering cause. Unlike Iranian turquoise sky blue, most of the Egyptian turquoise is green and blue, but some are also blue. It is not difficult to see from the polishing side because it is distributed in small colorful round spots. The density of Egyptian turquoise is 2.7 ～ 2.9g/cm3, which has a high density than blue. The turquoise on the Sinai Peninsula has basically been emptied.
Matonus in the United States in Nevada, Arizona, California, Colorado, and New Mexico State in the southwest of the United States, the fine pimple (flowing rock), the ripple of the eroded rock and the fissure of the two -long granite chanlia. middle. The cause is that the alkaline long stone of the atmospheric precipitation and the accompanying copper ore and phosphorusite are then accumulated in the crack. U.S. turquoise is blue, green and blue -green. Its main feature is that the color is lighter, the pores are high, and it is shy, with a density of 2.6 ～ 2.7g/cm3. Gourdo is still one of the most favorite gems in the southwestern North American, and it is also the preferred gem material in American Indian jewelry. At present, those who are similar to the characteristics and quality of the American -made turquoise in business are American turquoise.
The green pine mine in our country is mainly distributed in the junction of Hubei, Shaanxi and Henan provinces. The formation of turquoise here is mainly related to the silicon slate of the lower Cambrian and phosphorus, and it is a secondary ginseng filter mine. The mineral body is mainly transmitted, immersed or cystic. The shape of the turquoise is mostly tuberculosis and pulse. The colors include blue, light blue, blue -green, apple green, light gray and gray yellow. The mining of Puyang has hundreds of years of history, known for its good quality and production. Due to the long mining time, high -quality materials with large degrees of blocks are rare.
In addition to the border areas of Hubei, Shaanxi, and Henan provinces, the origin of green pine in my country also includes Anhui Mountain, Hami, Xinjiang, Henan Xichuan, and Yunnan Anning and other places. The turquoise of the Anhui Mountain Iron Mine is an iron hat -shaped turquoise with copper -containing copper and phosphorus oxidation belt on the top of the 玢 玢 ore. Hytestone, Yang Qi Stone and Magnet.
Thinking questions
1. Gourd in mineral components and chemical composition.
2. Green pine physics (including optical) nature.
3. The structure and structural characteristics of turquoise.
4. What are the main varieties of turquoise gems?
5. What are the optimized treatment methods of turquoise?
6. What are the main imitation of turquoise? How to identify these imitation products? r
7. What is Gilson's "synthesis" turquoise?
8. How to evaluate the quality of turquoise?
9. What are the geological causes of the turquoise mine?
10. What are the places of pinestone? What are the main features of the green pine?