The current status of the development of blockchain technology and Outlook The blockchain technology originated in the foundation papers published by scholars who were named "Satoshi Nakamoto" in 2008, "Satoshi Nakamoto", "
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The development status and prospect of blockchain technology
The blockchain technology originated in the foundation papers published by scholars named "Satoshi Nakamoto" in 2008, "Bitcoin: One: One: Bitcoin: One Point -point electronic cash system ". In the past two years, the research and application of blockchain technology has shown an explosive growth trend. It is considered to be the fifth disruptive innovation of the paradigm after large -scale machines, personal computers, Internet, and social networks. The fourth milestone after blood relatives, precious metal credit, and central bank banknotes. Blockchain technology is the prototype of the next generation of cloud computing. It is expected to completely reshape the form of human social activities like the Internet and realize the transformation from the current information Internet to the value Internet. The technical characteristics of the blockchain
The blockchain has the characteristics of decentralization, timing data, collective maintenance, programming and security credibility. Decentralization: The processes of verification, bookkeeping, storage, maintenance, and transmission of blockchain data are based on distributed system structures. Pure mathematical methods instead of central institutions to establish a trust relationship between distributed nodes, thereby forming formation Centralized trustworthy distributed system; timing data: The blockchain uses a chain block structure with a time stamp to store data, thereby increasing the time dimension to the data, which has strong verification and traceability; Collective maintenance: The blockchain system adopts a specific economic incentive mechanism to ensure that all nodes in the distributed system can participate in the verification process of the data block (such as the "mining" process of Bitcoin), and choose a specific algorithm to choose a specific algorithm to choose a specific algorithm. The node adds new blocks to the blockchain; programmable: blockchain technology can provide flexible script code systems, support users to create advanced smart contracts, currencies or other decentralized applications; security and credibility: Blockchain technology adopts adoption The principle of asymmetric cryptography encrypts the data, and at the same time, the powerful computing power formed by the workload of the workload of each node of the distributed system to resist external attacks and ensure that the blockchain data cannot be tampered with and forged safety. Blockchain and Bitcoin Bitcoin are the most successful blockchain application scenarios to date. Blockchain technology has solved the dual payment problem and Byzantine generals that the digital cryptocurrency field must face for the Bitcoin system for a long time. Different from the credit endorsement mechanism of traditional central institutions (such as central banks), the Bitcoin blockchain forms software -defined credit, which marks the fundamental change of centralized national credit to centralized algorithm credit. In recent years, Bitcoin has relying on its first advantage, and has now forming an ecological circle and industrial chain that has a complete system covering the distribution, circulation and financial derivative markets. This is also the main reason for its long -term occupation of most digital cryptocurrency market share. The development context and trend of blockchain
Blockchain technology is an underlying technical framework with universal characteristics, which can bring profound changes to various fields such as finance, economy, technology, and even politics. According to the development context of the current blockchain technology, blockchain technology will go through the blockchain 1.0 model with a programmable digital cryptocurrency system as the main characteristic, and the blockchain 2.0 model with programmable financial systems as the main characteristic. A programmable society as the main characteristic blockchain 3.0 mode. However, the above model is actually parallel rather than performing. The digital cryptocurrency system of the blockchain 1.0 model is still far from mature, and it is actually farther and more difficult to the vision of its global currency integration. At present, the blockchain field has shown a clear development trend of technology and industrial innovation. Related academic research is seriously lagging behind and urgently needs to follow up. Basic models and key technologies of blockchain
In general, the blockchain system consists of data layers, network layers, consensus layers, incentives, contract layers, and application layers. Among them, the data layer encapsulates the underlying data block and related data encryption and timestamp; the network layer includes a distributed networking mechanism, data communication mechanism, and data verification mechanism; Algorithms; Incentives integrate economic factors into the blockchain technology system, mainly include economic incentives and distribution mechanisms, etc.; The contract layer mainly encapsulates all kinds of scripts, algorithms, and smart contracts. Base; the application layer is encapsulated with various application scenarios and cases of blockchain. In this model, the chain block structure, the consensus mechanism of the distributed node, the consensus computing power -based economic incentive and the flexible programming smart contract based on the timestamp -based, the consensus computing power is the most representative innovation point of the blockchain technology. The application scenario of blockchain technology
Blockchain technology can not only be successfully applied to the field of digital cryptocurrencies, but also has a wide range of application scenarios in economic, financial, and social systems. According to the current status of blockchain technology, this paper currently summarizes the current blockchain's main application as digital currency, data storage, data certification, financial transactions, asset management and election voting: Digital Currency: Bitcoin: Bitcoin For representatives, it is essentially a digital currency generated by a distributed network system. Its issuance process does not depend on specific centralized institutions. Data storage: The characteristics of high redundant storage, decentralization, high security, and privacy protection of the blockchain make it particularly suitable for storage and protection of important privacy data to avoid being caused by incorrect attacks or permissions management due to centralized institutions Large -scale data is lost or leaked. Data verification: Blockchain data with timestamp, joint verification and records by consensus nodes, cannot be tampered with and forged. These characteristics make blockchain widely used in various types of data notarization and audit scenarios. For example, blockchain can permanently securely store various licenses, registration forms, licenses, certificates, certifications and records issued by government agencies. Financial transactions: Blockchain technology and financial market applications have a very high degree of fit. The blockchain can spontaneously generate credit in the decentralized system, and can establish a financial market that can establish a credit endorsement of non -central institutions, which has greatly realized the "financial disconnection"; at the same time The characteristics of programming can greatly reduce costs and improve efficiency. Asset management: Blockchain can realize the confirmation, authorization and real -time monitoring of tangible and intangible assets. Intangible asset management has been widely used in the fields of intellectual property protection, domain name management, and points management. Topo asset management can form "digital intelligent assets" in conjunction with IoT technology to achieve distributed authorization and control based on blockchain. Election voting: Blockchain can achieve political elections and corporate shareholders voting at low cost and efficiently. At the same time, voting can be widely used in the fields of gaming, forecasting markets and social manufacturing. The existing problems of blockchain technology
A security threats are the most important issues facing blockchain so far. Among them, the blockchain based on the POW consensus process mainly faces 51%attack problem, that is, nodes have the ability to successfully tamper and forge blockchain data by mastering the computing power of more than 51%of the entire network. Other problems include the potential threat and privacy protection issues of emerging computing technologies to solve the asymmetric encryption mechanism. Blockchain efficiency is also an important factor in restricting its application. The blockchain requires that each node in the system to save a data backup, which is extremely difficult for the growing massive data storage. Although lightweight nodes can partially solve this problem, it is suitable to be developed for large -scale industrial -level solutions. Bitcoin blockchain can only deal with 7 transactions per second, and the transaction confirmation time is generally 10 minutes, which greatly limits the application of blockchain in high -frequency trading scenarios in most financial systems. The POW consensus process is highly dependent on the computing power of the contribution of the blockchain network node. These computing power is mainly used to solve the SHA256 hash and random number search. In addition, it does not generate any actual social value. Therefore The resources are "waste", and there are a lot of electricity resources that are wasted at the same time. How to effectively gather the network computing power of distributed nodes to solve practical problems is an important problem that blockchain technology needs to solve. As a decentralized distributed system, the blockchain network will inevitably exist in the interaction between competition and cooperation during the interaction, such as the Bitcoin Mining Pond's block interception attack game. The blockchain consensus process is essentially the crowdsourcing process. How to design a consensus mechanism for inspiring and compatible, so that the self -interest nodes in the decentralized system can spontaneously implement the verification and bookkeeping work of block data, and improve the non -in -system non -in -system non -in -system non -in -system non -in -system The cost of rational behavior to inhibit security attacks and threats is an important scientific issue to be resolved in the blockchain. Smart contracts and blockchain technology
Is smart contracts are a set of scenarios-response-type programmatic rules and logic. They are decentralized and credible sharing program code deployed on the blockchain. Under normal circumstances, after the smart contract is signed by all parties, it is attached to the blockchain data (such as a Bitcoin transaction) in the form of a program code, and the P2P network dissemination and node verification are recorded in a specific block of the blockchain. Essence Intelligent contracts encapsulate a number of predefined states and conversion rules, the scenes of triggering contract execution (such as reaching a specific time or a specific event, etc.), and the response actions in specific scenarios. The blockchain can monitor the state of the smart contract in real time, and activate and execute the contract after verifying the external data source and confirming the specific trigger conditions. Smart contracts are of great significance for blockchain technology. On the one hand, smart contracts are the activation device of the blockchain, which gives a flexible programming mechanism and algorithm for the static underlying blockchain data, and lays the establishment of the programmable financial system and social system for the construction of the blockchain 2.0 and 3.0 era. The foundation; on the other hand, the automation and programmable characteristics of smart contracts make it complicated by the nodes in each node in a distributed blockchain system, becoming a software agent robot in the virtual world composed of blockchain, which helps Promote the application of blockchain technology in various distributed artificial intelligence systems, so that blockchain technology is based on blockchain technology to build various decentralized applications (, DAPP), decentralized autonomous organizations (, DAO), and decentralized autonomous companies (, DA) is even possible to decentralize the autonomous society (Society, DAS). The main development trend of blockchain and intelligent contract technology is evolved from automation to intelligence. Most of the existing intelligent contracts and its application essential logic are still according to the conditional response rules of the "IF-THEN" type of "IF-THEN" type, which can meet the current needs of automated transactions and data processing. In the future, smart contracts should have the "What-IF" deduction, computing experiments, and independent decision-making functions based on the unknown scene, so as to realize the leap from the current "automation" contract to the real "smart" contract. Blockchain-driven parallel society
in recent years, a parallel society based on CPSS (Cyber-PHYSICAL-) has now been cosmic, and its core and essential characteristics are false and real interaction and parallel evolution. The blockchain is one of the infrastructure of the CPSS parallel society. Its main contribution is to provide a set of effective decentralized data structure, interactive mechanism and computing mode for distributed social systems and distributed artificial intelligence studies. And laid a solid data foundation and credit foundation for the realization of parallel society. As far as the data foundation is concerned, manager Edward Deming once said: Except for God, everyone must speak with data. However, in the centralized social system, data is usually in the hands of "a few people" such as the government and large enterprises, and "speak" for a few people. Its justice, authority and even security may not be guaranteed. Blockchain data is stored through a highly redundant distributed node, and it is in the hands of "everyone" to achieve real "data democracy". As far as the credit basis is concerned, the centralized social system will inevitably exist in the "deck system" due to its high engineering complexity and social complexity, that is, uncertainty, diversity, and complexity. Institutions and rules maker may have a trustworthy behavior due to individual interests; blockchain technology helps to realize social systems with software definitions. The basic concept is to eliminate centralized institutions and make unpredictable behaviors in a programmatic code with smart contracts with smart contracts. In advance deployment and curing in advance in the blockchain data, it cannot be forged, tampered with and automated afterwards, so that to a certain extent, it can transform the "Moton" social system into a "Newtonian" that can be comprehensively observed, active control, and accurate prediction. "Social system. ACP (Societies, computing experiments and computing experiments) methods are the only systematic and complete research framework in the field of parallel social management. It is the logical extension and innovation of complex science in parallel social environment in the new era. The ACP method can naturally combine with blockchain technology to achieve parallel social management of blockchain drive. First of all, the mechanism of blockchain's P2P networking, distributed consensus cooperation, and contributing economic incentives are natural modeling of distributed social systems. Each node will be used as an autonomous and autonomy in the distributed system. Smart (agent). With the improvement of the blockchain ecosystem, the consensus nodes of the blockchain and the increasingly complex and autonomous smart contracts will form DAC and DAOs in specific forms of organizations by participating in various forms of DAPP, which ultimately forms DAS, namely in ACP Artificial society. Secondly, the programmable characteristics of smart contracts enable the blockchain to perform various "What-IF" type of virtual experiment design, scene deduction and results evaluation of various "What-IF" types. Through this computing experiment process, the optimal decision-making is automatically implemented. Finally, the intelligent assets formed by the combination of blockchain and the Internet of Things make it possible for Unicom's real physical world and virtual network space, and can achieve synergistic optimization of social management and decision -making through the virtual and real interaction of real and artificial social systems. It is not difficult to foresee that when the physical assets of the real physics world are registered as a smart asset on the chain, it is when the parallel society of the blockchain drive is coming.
The popularity of blockchain investment has eased
2016-2018 investment and financing frequency and quota increased. As of October 2018, the number of Chinese blockchain companies/project financing reached 349, with a total financing of 17.078 billion yuan. In 2019, the number of financing incidents was 149, a decrease of 50%year -on -year, and the financing amount was 3.49 billion yuan, a year -on -year decrease of 75%. The capital party's investment in blockchain companies gradually rational. After entering 2020, the enthusiasm of capital's investment in blockchain further declined. In 2020, the financing incident of the blockchain industry in 2020 a total of 114 in financing incidents, with a financing amount of 6.5 billion yuan.
The number of related enterprises related to blockchain in 2020 has exceeded 60,000
In terms of the number of enterprises, 2020H1 my country provides professional technical support, products, solutions and other services in China in 2020H1, and new or output new The number of blockchain companies reached 303, an increase of 274.07%year -on -year. As of the end of 2020, there were 6,4062 blockchain -related companies in my country, a year -on -year increase of 52.88%.
At present, applications and companies related to the blockchain include, but not limited to:
The financial sector is the largest application area of the downstream of the blockchain
The disclosure, with the acceleration of blockchain applications, the "blockchain " business has become the focus of the development of the blockchain industry in the blockchain industry. In addition to financial business, actively deploy the Internet, traceability, supply chain